When conducting an in-depth analysis of the philosophical and practical differences between 'Assessment as Learning' and 'Assessment for Learning' in the educational assessment process, which of the following characteristics best represents the core and specific identity of 'Assessment as Learning'?

Understanding Assessment as Learning

Assessment as Learning is fundamentally based on metacognition, where students actively observe, evaluate, and regulate their own learning pathways. In this approach, students act as self-assessors and remain aware of their own learning goals.

• Assessment as Learning: Focuses on student self-monitoring and metacognition.
• Assessment for Learning: Focuses on teacher-led formative feedback during instruction.