Regarding the theories of transfer of learning, which of the following is the most subtle and philosophical difference between Edward Thorndike's 'Theory of Identical Elements' and Charles Judd's 'Theory of Generalization'?

In the transfer of learning, Thorndike's 'Theory of Identical Elements' assumes that learning in one situation helps in another only when identical elements or habits are present in both situations. In contrast, Charles Judd's 'Theory of Generalization' argues that transfer occurs not due to specific elements, but on the basis of learned rules, principles, and conceptual generalization.