Consider the following statements regarding the Champaran Satyagraha (1917) and Bihar's role in the Indian freedom movement:
- 1. At the time of the Champaran Satyagraha, the formal and written invitation to Mahatma Gandhi to come to Champaran was given by Rajkumar Shukla, a local farmer, and Gandhi's prominent associates in this movement included Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Brajkishore Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, J.B. Kripalani, and Mahadev Desai.
- 2. Following the passage of the 'Champaran Agrarian Act (1918)', the illegal 'Tinkathia' and other unlawful charges extorted from farmers by European indigo planters were abolished, and a total of 25 percent of the illegal collection was refunded to the farmers.
- 3. In the year 1922, the Gaya session of the Indian National Congress was held, presided over by C.R. Das, and during this very session, the framework for the formation of the 'Swaraj Party' and ideological differences on the issue of entering legislatures came out openly.
- 4. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, Shah Muhammad Zubair, Mazharul Haque, and Swami Vidyanand promoted peasant movements and national education in Bihar, and Sadaqat Ashram and Bihar National College were established as major centers of independence activities.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are completely true?
Detailed Explanation & Solution
All given statements are completely true. The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Mahatma Gandhi's first successful civil disobedience movement in the Indian freedom struggle. On the request of Rajkumar Shukla, Gandhi went to Champaran and fought against the 'Tinkathia' system. Based on the inquiry commission report, the 'Champaran Agrarian Act, 1918' was passed, providing for a 25% refund of illegal collections from farmers. The 1922 Gaya Congress session was held under the presidency of C.R. Das, where the Swaraj Party was founded. Leaders like Mazharul Haque and institutions like Sadaqat Ashram played significant roles in Bihar during the Non-Cooperation Movement.