Consider the following statements regarding 'Ecological Succession' and 'Climax Community' under Environmental Studies (EVS): 1. Primary succession begins in a bare area where no living community ever existed before, such as newly formed lava, cold rocks, or sand dunes, and in the early process of this succession, lichens or mosses develop first as 'Pioneer Species'. 2. Secondary succession begins in an area where life already existed, but was destroyed due to a natural disaster (like forest fire, flood) or human intervention (like deforestation), and it proceeds much slower than primary succession because soil formation takes a long time. 3. The community formed in the final stage of succession is called a 'Climax Community', which is in complete balance with the environment and remains stable and unchanged until a major environmental disturbance occurs. Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?

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Gaurav Shrivastava · Accepted Answer

Statement 1 is correct because primary succession starts on completely bare and lifeless areas like newly formed lava or rocks, where lichens (pioneer species) break down rocks and initiate soil formation. Statement 2 is incorrect because secondary succession proceeds faster than primary succession, not slower, because nutrient-rich soil and some seeds or organic debris are already present in that area. Statement 3 is correct because the climax community is the final and most stable stage of succession which establishes a balance with the environment.

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Consider the following statements regarding 'Ecological Succession' and 'Climax Community' under Environmental Studies (EVS):

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