In the context of 'Motivation and Learning', according to psychologist Abraham Maslow's 'Hierarchy of Needs Theory', identify the needs that Maslow categorized under 'Deficiency Needs' (D-Needs), and which of the following options represents the correct set?

Abraham Maslow divided human needs into two primary categories in his Hierarchy of Needs theory: Deficiency Needs (D-Needs) and Growth Needs (B-Needs).

Key Categories

• Deficiency Needs (D-Needs): These comprise the lower four levels of the hierarchy, which include Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Belongingness and Love Needs, and Esteem Needs. These arise due to deprivation and motivation decreases once they are met.
• Growth Needs (B-Needs): The highest level, Self-Actualization, falls under growth needs, which are driven by the desire for personal growth and realizing one's full potential.

Therefore, option (b) represents the correct set of Deficiency Needs.