Under the Gestalt theory of learning (Theory of Insight), when the chimpanzee in Kohler's experiments performed an immediate and integrated mental restructuring of the entire problem field based on the direct observation of external stimuli and conditions, which fundamental characteristic of 'Insight' compared to Thorndike's 'Trial and Error' theory makes this cognitive process a higher-level cognitive learning?

Explanation of Gestalt Insight Learning

According to the Gestalt theory of learning, learning through insight occurs suddenly and in a flash, which is in stark contrast to Thorndike's gradual 'Trial and Error' theory.

• Cognitive Restructuring: The organism perceives not just a part, but the total field of the problem and restructures it cognitively.
• Key Proponent: Wolfgang Kohler was the main proponent of this theory, demonstrating how higher-order animals solve problems through sudden insight rather than blind mechanical efforts.

Therefore, Option c correctly identifies the fundamental characteristic of insight.