When performing a subtle psychological analysis of the theoretical and functional differences between Thorndike's subsidiary laws of the Trial and Error Theory—specifically the 'Law of Multiple Response' and the 'Law of Associative Shifting'—and Edwin Guthrie's 'Contiguity Theory of Learning', which of the following statements most authentically clarifies the true nature of these theories and the learning process?

Under Thorndike's theories of learning, the subsidiary law of 'Multiple Response' means that when an individual faces a new problem, they try out various responses. In contrast, Edwin Guthrie's 'Contiguity Theory' posits that the single occurrence of a stimulus and response together (co-presence) is sufficient for learning. Guthrie does not consider reward or the law of effect necessary; according to him, association is established in a single trial.