In educational psychology, regarding the transfer of learning, what is the main difference between the 'Theory of Identical Elements' proposed by Edward Thorndike and C. S. Woodworth and the 'Theory of Generalization' supported by Charles Spearman or other psychologists (proposed by C. H. Judd)?

Transfer of learning is an extremely important topic in educational psychology. According to Edward Thorndike's 'Theory of Identical Elements', learning from one situation transfers to another only when certain elements (such as content, skills, or attitudes) are common to both situations. In contrast, according to the 'Theory of Generalization' proposed by C. H. Judd, an individual generalizes their experiences and principles and uses them thoughtfully in new and different situations. For detailed information on this topic, you can refer to the Wikipedia reference.