Among the various theories of transfer of learning, which of the following is the most fundamental and logical difference between the 'Theory of Identical Elements' proposed by Edward Thorndike and the 'Theory of Generalization' proposed by Charles Judd?

In the field of transfer of learning, Edward Thorndike's Theory of Identical Elements posits that transfer from one situation to another occurs only when both situations share common elements, procedures, or habits. Conversely, Charles Judd's Theory of Generalization asserts that transfer happens not due to the presence of specific identical elements, but through the generalization of learned knowledge and the comprehension of underlying principles.

Key Differences

• Thorndike (Identical Elements): Focuses on concrete, specific similarities between the original learning task and the new task.
• Judd (Generalization): Focuses on abstract concepts, rules, and the conscious application of general principles to new situations.