With reference to environment and ecology, consider the following statements:

1. The concept of Biodiversity Hotspots was first proposed by Norman Myers, under which for an area to be declared a hotspot, it must contain at least 1,500 endemic plant species and have lost at least 70 percent of its primary native vegetation.
2. Under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation of wetlands, India's first Ramsar site was Chilika Lake (Odisha), included in the list in 1981, and currently, Tamil Nadu is the state with the highest number of Ramsar sites in India.
3. The transitional communities preceding the establishment of the 'Climax Community' during Ecological Succession are called 'Sere', and in Hydrarch succession, the phytoplankton stage is followed by the submerged plant stage.
4. The concept of Carbon Credit originated under the Kyoto Protocol, which certifies a reduction of 1 tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent greenhouse gas emissions, and it is a major part of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).

Which of the above statement(s) is/are completely correct?

Question

With reference to environment and ecology, consider the following statements:

1. The concept of Biodiversity Hotspots was first proposed by Norman Myers, under which for an area to be declared a hotspot, it must contain at least 1,500 endemic plant species and have lost at least 70 percent of its primary native vegetation.
2. Under the Ramsar Convention, an international treaty for the conservation of wetlands, India's first Ramsar site was Chilika Lake (Odisha), included in the list in 1981, and currently, Tamil Nadu is the state with the highest number of Ramsar sites in India.
3. The transitional communities preceding the establishment of the 'Climax Community' during Ecological Succession are called 'Sere', and in Hydrarch succession, the phytoplankton stage is followed by the submerged plant stage.
4. The concept of Carbon Credit originated under the Kyoto Protocol, which certifies a reduction of 1 tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent greenhouse gas emissions, and it is a major part of the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).

Which of the above statement(s) is/are completely correct?

Gaurav Shrivastava · Accepted Answer

All the given statements are completely correct from the perspective of environment and ecology. Statement 1: The concept of biodiversity hotspots was given by Norman Myers in 1988 with defined criteria of endemism and habitat loss. Statement 2: Chilika Lake is India's first Ramsar site, and Tamil Nadu currently holds the maximum number of Ramsar sites in the country. Statement 3: The transitional stages in ecological succession are known as sere, and in hydrarch succession, phytoplankton is succeeded by submerged plants. Statement 4: Carbon credits originated from the Kyoto Protocol representing 1 tonne of CO2 equivalent, integral to systems like EU ETS.

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With reference to environment and ecology, consider the following statements:

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